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04.04.2013 01:10 - Ancient Olympics
Автор: olympic Категория: Спорт   
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In the ancient Olympic Games were held in honor of Zeus at Olympia city (in the countryside Elis in the Peloponnese, Ancient Greece). They were the most famous and most glamorous. Once the historian Timaeus of Taormina introduces the calculation of time in Olympics after 776 BC is considered that these games are matching every four years in July and August. In the classical era lasted 5 days.

From 572 BC eleytsite began to organize the games. Selecting helanodikite (judges) to each other. Some time before the opening of the games sent messengers (called spondofori) of all Greek cities. In honor of Zeus entered into a sacred truce, which ensure the safe movement of all participants and spectators to Olympia and nonaggression Ellis, the city organizes competitions. Around the sanctuary at Elis was formed one of their own city of tents participants and spectators of the games prior to their commencement. During the first day of the games are sacrificed. Participants could be only Greeks who are born free and clean criminal record because the games are part of a cult. Therefore "barbarians", the slaves and prisoners had no access to them. Also prohibits religious instruction presence of women. During the first day of the games have been payable and Olympic oath. Solemn ritual is performed before the altar of Zeus Horkios (protector of oaths). In this case, sacrificing a hog on whose quarters athletes swore to observe the rules of the games. There is evidence that otherwise helanodikite imposed a heavy fine on the offender and he had no right never to participate.

The five main events in the games were: running, which was first to his feet, and later became a chariot; jumping, which consisted in jumping some pit or hill, throwing or pallet - heavy and round stone, disposed of as may be at a greater distance, match and sort fist fight, boxing, called pugilat. In it both fighters put their gloves copper and lead, and started hitting until one of them does not surrender or perish.
After five days of racing, the latter was assigned to the prize-giving. The winners were called olimpioniki. After reporting their names to the huge crowd that had gathered, they come forward to receive his reward. Pindar says that she was a wreath of wild olive, woven from the leaves of the sacred tree, which in turn Heracles brought from the land of the Hyperboreans.

For the Greeks - no participants in the games in honor of the Olympic crown but also for the spectators this event of great interest. Also among athletes appeared writers, philosophers, rhetoric, artists who benefited from the many people gathered. Thus, they also used the event to familiarize the audience with their works, to give them a voice and reputation. Ultimately, these so-called Pan-Hellenic celebrations to humans a solidarity, tolerance for one another. During the days of the games they get to know forgotten different interests and rivalries, broken them once.
In 394 games were banned by Emperor Theodosius I as Pagan.
Revival of the Olympic idea 



Baron Pierre de Coubertin
Olympic idea has not disappeared completely after the ban of the ancient races. For example, in England in the 18th century, has repeatedly held "Olympic" competitions. Later similar events organized in France and Greece. However, these are small contests bearing, at best, regional character. The first actual forerunners of the modern Olympic Games were "Olympia", which are held regularly in the period 1859-1888, the idea of ​​the revival of the Olympic Games in Greece belongs to the poet Panagiotis Sutsos.
In 1766, as a result of archaeological excavations in Olympia are outdoor sports and church buildings. In 1875, archaeological research and excavations continue under German leadership. At that time in Europe in vogue romantically idealistic notions of antiquity. Desire to revive the Olympic spirit and culture spread rapidly throughout Europe. French Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who understands the consequences of the contribution of France, said: "Germany has opened what is left of ancient Olympia. Why France can not restore the old glory? ".

According to Coubertin, namely the poor physical condition of the French troops was one of the reasons for the defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, he seeks to change the situation by improving the physical culture of the French. At the same time, he wants to overcome national egoism and contribute to the struggle for peace and international understanding. "Youth of the World" to compete in sports, rather than on the battlefield. In the eyes of Coubertin, the revival of the Olympics seems to be the best solution for achieving both goals.


Poster of the Olympic Games
Of Congress, held from 16 to 23 June 1894 at the Sorbonne, he presents his ideas to the international community. On the last day of the congress decided that "the first modern Olympic Games" will be held in 1896 in Athens, in the country-founder of gaming - Greece. In order to organize the games is based on the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The first president of the Committee"s Greeks are Dimitrios Vikelas who was president until the end of the first Summer Olympics. General Secretary Baron de Coubertin.
The first modern games go to great acclaim. Despite the fact that participation in the Games take 241 athletes (from 14 countries), the games are the largest sporting event in the long history, from the times of ancient Greece. Greek government official are so pleased that table a proposal for "forever" holding the Olympics in their homeland Greece. But IOC introduces a principle of rotation among different countries, so that every four years the games to change their place of meeting.
After initial success, the Olympic movement experienced its first crisis. The second in 1900 in Paris, France, and a third Olympics in 1904 in St. Louis, USA were held jointly with the World Expo. Sports competition continues for months and hardly arouse interest from the viewers. Olympics in Paris first time participating and women. The Olympics in St. Louis involved almost exclusively American athletes as organizing travel for teams from Europe across the ocean in these years is not easy.
The extraordinary Olympics in 1906, held in Athens, sporting competitions and achievements again go first. Although originally the IOC recognized and supported the implementation of "interim Games" (only two years after the front), and later they are recognized as Olympic. Some historians believe sports games of 1906 for the salvation of the Olympic idea, as it allows games to be considered "senseless and unnecessary."
Modern Olympic Games [edit]



Olympic torch - a symbol of the Olympic Games (Image: Salt Lake City, 2002)
The modern Olympic Games are to be renewed in 1896 with the idea of ​​Pierre de Coubertin, who are held in Athens. Modern Olympic movement is led by the International Olympic Committee.
In 1904 in St. Louis for the first time participate in the Games athletes of color. 
At the beginning right to participate in the Olympics only receive the amateurs. The severity of the IOC gets there that the Olympic champion in the decathlon and pentathlon of the games in Stockholm in 1912, Jim Thorpe lost his medals because once received money for their participation in the semi-baseball team during his college years. In 1955, IOC President Avery Avery Brundage stated "We can rely on the support of those who believe in the principles of fair play and sportsmanship exemplified amateur code in our efforts to prevent the use of games by individuals, organizations and nations to unclear goals. " 
With the assumption of the presidency of the IOC by Michael Morris for the first time empowers the participation of professional athletes.

Television has a great influence on the decision, as the audience prefers to watch known athletes. Argument in favor of allowing professional athletes and the suspicion that the athletes from Eastern Bloc de facto are professionals, though they have amateur status. So in the 1980s, the professionalization of the Olympics begins and ends with the participation of the so-called "Dream Team" dream team basketball tournament in Barcelona in 1992, when the U.S. team consists of professionals from the NBA. 
The Games in London in 2012 for the first time, each participating country nominated to participate in at least one woman. 

Olympic sponsors do not have the right to be called "Olympic sponsor" and identify with the Olympic idea, but do not get visibility inside the sports facilities. Each sponsor is unique to the type of product offering. 

Ceremony
 
Among the traditional rituals and ceremonies of the Games (in order of their implementation) are:
Grandiose ceremonies at the opening and closing of the Games. To develop scenarios to attract the best brains from around the world: writers, organizers of public events, specialists in special effects and more. Were invited famous singers, actors and other famous personalities to participate in the show. Broadcasting of these events almost every time a record for audience. Every Member Olympic organizers aim to surpass the size and beauty of all previous Olympic Games ceremonies. Scenarios ceremonies are held in strict confidence to the very beginning. The ceremony took place at the central stadium with a large capacity, the same place where the races are held in athletics.
Ceremonies at the opening and closing begin with theatrical procession, which must provide the viewers the image of the country and the city to learn about their history and culture.

Solemn passage of the athletes and delegation members at the central stadium. Athletes from each side form a separate group. Traditionally, the first is the delegation of athletes of Greece - a country-founder of the Games. Other groups are in alphabetical order in the language of the host country of the Games. (Or the official languages ​​of the IOC French or English). Before each group is representative of the host country, bearing plate with the name of the country, the language of the host country of the Games and the official languages ​​of the IOC. Head of the group"s flag-bearer - usually an athlete participating in the games, which bears the flag of his country. The right to carry the flag is a great honor for athletes. Typically, this right is given to the most titled and respected athletes.
Pronouncement of welcome speeches by the President of the IOC (optional), head or other official representative of the State in which the Games are held, sometimes the mayor or the chairman of the Organizing Committee. Last at the end of his speech to say the words "(serial number of games) summer (or the winter) Olympic Games are declared open". Then typically produces gunfire and multiple bursts salutes and fireworks.
Flying the flag of Greece as a country-founder of the Games with a performance of its national anthem.

Flying the flag of the country hosting the Games with a performance of its national anthem.
Pronouncement by one of the leading athletes of the host country of the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the Games for fair play according to the rules and principles of sport and the Olympic spirit (in recent years uttering words about non-use of banned performance enhancers - doping) .
Delivery of a number of judges on behalf of all the judges of the oath of impartial judging.
Raising the Olympic flag to the performance of official Olympic anthem.
Sometimes display the flag of the world (blue flag, which depicts a white dove with an olive branch in its beak - the traditional symbol of peace), symbolizing the desire during the Games to stop all armed conflicts.

Resulted in the opening ceremony with the lighting of the Olympic flame. The fire was lit by the sun in Olympia (Greece) in the temple of the pagan Greek god Apollo (in ancient Greece, Apollo was patron of the Games). "High Priestess" Hera says prayer reads as follows: "Apollo, god of the sun and the idea of ​​light, send your rays and light the sacred torch for the hospitable city ... (Name of town). ". [6]. The fire is transferred from country to country, but in every country athlete or sports figure in the country of his passes baton to pass the fire on. Baton arouses great interest in all the countries through which the Olympic flame. Carrying the torch is considered a great honor. The first part of the relay passes through the cities of Greece. Last - in the cities of the country hosting the Games. "Olympic torch relay" to 2007 goes around the world. Then, for fear of terrorist attacks, the torch is carried only in the country where the Games are held. In the opening day of the Games torch arrived in the host city. Athletes of the country imported torch the central stadium at the end of the ceremony. The stadium torch passed several times from hand to hand until it is given to the athlete who has a right to light the Olympic flame. This law is the most honorable. The fire ignited in a special glass, the design of which is unique for each Olympiad. Also, the organizers always try to come up with original and interesting way of ignition. The cup is located high above the stadium. The fire must burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
Awarding of medals to the winners going on a special podium with flag-raising and national anthem in honor of the winners.

During the closing ceremony is also conducted theater performance - say goodbye to the Olympics, crossing the participants, speeches of the President of the IOC and a representative of the host country. Closing of the Olympic Games shall be announced by IOC President. Following the national anthem of the country, the Olympic anthem, download flags. Representative of the host country officially passed the Olympic flag to IOC President, who in turn forward it to the representative of the Organizing Committee of the next Olympics. This is followed by a brief presentation of the city hosting the next Games. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame is extinguished amid lyrical music.
Since 1932 the host city building "Olympic Village" - a complex of residential facilities for participants in the Games. Games organizers developed symbolism of Olympics: the official emblem and mascot of the Games. Emblem usually has a unique design, stylized according to the characteristics of the country. Emblem and mascot of the Games are an integral part of the souvenirs produced in large quantities. Revenues from sales of souvenirs can be a significant part of the revenues of the Olympics, but they do not always cover costs.

In theory, the Games are competitions between athletes and not between national teams. However, since 1908 gets spread etc. unofficial team competition - Determination of the place occupied by national teams based on the number dialed and received medals in the competitions points (points awarded to the first six places in the system: first place - 7 points, second - 5, third - 4, fourth - 3, fifth - 2, sixth - 1). 


Тагове:   olympic games,


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